Call 112 immediately for any sudden, severe headache — especially with fever, stiff neck, confusion, weakness, or vision changes.
Most headaches are harmless. But some are warning signs of life-threatening conditions — stroke, meningitis, bleeding in the brain. Knowing the difference and acting quickly can save a life.
Headaches That Are Medical Emergencies
Thunderclap headache
Maximum intensity within 60 seconds — “the worst headache of my life.” Can indicate subarachnoid haemorrhage (bleeding around the brain). Call 112 immediately.
Headache with fever and stiff neck
Classic warning signs of meningitis. High fever + severe headache + stiff neck (cannot touch chin to chest) + sensitivity to light. A non-blanching rash confirms the emergency. Call 112 immediately.
Headache with stroke symptoms — FAST test
Face drooping · Arm weakness · Speech slurred · Time to call 112.
Headache after head injury
Worsening headache hours after a blow to the head — possible slow-expanding blood clot. Go to hospital.
First Aid While Waiting for Help
What to do immediately
1
Call 112 first
Make the call before anything else. Describe clearly: sudden onset, severity, any other symptoms.
2
Keep the person still and calm
Help them sit or lie in a comfortable position in a quiet, darkened room.
3
Do not give aspirin
Aspirin thins blood and can worsen bleeding. Give paracetamol only if certain it is not bleeding-related.
4
Monitor breathing and consciousness
If unconscious but breathing, use recovery position. If not breathing, begin CPR.
5
Stay with them
Do not leave the person alone until emergency services arrive.
Less Urgent — But Still Needing Assessment
- New headache different from previous ones
- Headache that wakes from sleep
- Headache worsening progressively over days
- New headache in anyone over 50
- Headache triggered by coughing or straining
- Headache in someone with cancer or HIV
This article is for general educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider for your specific situation. Last reviewed: September 2025. Read our full Medical Disclaimer.